THE ROVER BY APHRA BEHN

        Hello readers! 

     I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

    In this blog, I want to share some thoughtfully questions and answers about the play  The rover by Aphra Behn.

  

Assigned by Megha ma'am

   Here is a brief introduction about the Author Aphra Behn:

                  INTRODUCTION:-

  Aphra Behn (1640-1689) was an English playwright, poet, and novelist, best known for being one of the first English women to earn a living through her writing. Her life is a blend of fact and fiction, and many details remain uncertain.

   

     Behn was born in Kent, England, and little is known about her early years. She became a spy for King Charles II during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which exposed her to intrigue and espionage. Her experiences as a spy would later influence her literary works.

    Aphra Behn's plays, including "The Rover," were popular during her time and challenged societal norms. She was a pioneer for female writers, breaking through gender barriers in a male-dominated literary world.

  Here some questions and answers about the play The Rover.

  1. Angelica considers the financial negotiation that one makes before marrying a perspective bride the same as prostitution.Do you agree?

Ans:-   

  No, I don't agree.

   Financial negotiations before marriage, such as discussing before marriage agreement or financial planning, are legal and consensual arrangements.

   Prostitution involves the exchange of money for sexual services, which is a different context and usually illegal in many places.

  2. " All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra behn, for it was she who earned them to the right to speak their mind".- virginia woolf said so in "A room of one's own"  do you agree with this statement? Justifying your answer  with reference to your reading of the play The Rover:

 Ans:

     Virginia Woolf's statement in "A Room of One's Own" recognizes Aphra Behn as a trailblazer for women's rights to express themselves.

   Aphra Behn was a pioneering female playwright in a male-dominated literary world. 

    I agree with this statement as it highlights the importance of acknowledging women who paved the way for female writers.

     In reference to Aphra Behn's play "The Rover," it's worth noting that this work challenged societal norms of its time by portraying strong, independent female characters who asserted their desires and ambitions.

    In the context of Woolf's statement, "The Rover" can be seen as an example of Aphra Behn's contribution to women's right to express their thoughts and desires in literature.

    Behn's work pushed boundaries and demonstrated that women, too, could have a voice in a world dominated by men.

    So, I agree with Virginia Woolf's statement, and "The Rover" is one of the many examples of Aphra Behn's contribution to women's literary freedom.

  

 3. Which female character best represents the playwright, Aphra Behn?  Consider the characteristics and beliefs of each female character,and make  an arguments related that distinctive attributes to what you know about behn?

Ans:

    In Aphra Behn's play "The Rover," the character Florinda best represents the playwright. Florinda is a complex character who embodies many of the traits and beliefs associated with Aphra Behn.

  Challenging societal norms:

    Florinda defies the societal expectations of her time by refusing to marry against her will. Behn, too, was a trailblazer who challenged conventions by entering the male-dominated world of playwriting.

  Strong-willed and independent: 

   Florinda is determined to choose her own path in life, particularly in matters of love and marriage. This independence mirrors Behn's own defiance of traditional gender roles as a pioneering female playwright.

  

  Struggle: 

  Florinda's pursuit of love and autonomy parallels Behn's own struggle for financial independence as a female writer in a patriarchal society.

    These characteristics and beliefs make Florinda a fitting character to represent Aphra Behn in "The Rover," reflecting Behn's own independent spirit and her contributions to the empowerment of women in literature and society.

              Helena:-

  Helena is one of the main female characters. She possesses several key characteristics are given below:

  Helena's character  role in the play's explore the themes related to love, desire, gender roles, and personal freedom.

     Independent:

 Helena is an independence character by taking matters into her own hands, dressing as a man to escape her brother pedro's  control, and making choices that challenge traditional gender roles.

     Romantic character:

    Helena is a romantic character who falls in love with Belvile, one of the male protagonists in the play. 

  Her pursuit of love and her desire for a genuine romantic connection are central to her character.

   Feminist law voice: 

   Helena's character reflects some early feminist themes, as she challenges gender norms and fights for her  romantic choices.

  

    Clever character: 

   She uses her intelligence and resourcefulness to navigate the challenges she faces, including disguising herself and avoiding unwanted advances.

            Valeria:

    Valeria's character is  the explore of themes related to desire, power, and the agency of women in  society in "The Rover." Her boldness and determination make her a compelling character in the play.

   Valeria's witness:

  She possesses a quick wit and charm, which she uses to her advantage when engaging with the male characters  Fredrick in the play.

    Symbol of Female Agency:

 Valeria represents a character who is not bound by societal norms and expectations.

   She uses her agency to navigate the world of the play on her terms.

 Confident character: 

  Valeria is a confident and assertive character. She openly expresses her desires and is not afraid to pursue what she wants.

              Angelica:

    Angelica a central and compelling character in "The Rover," the explore the themes  like gender, love, and societal norms in the 17th century.

     Will power:

    Angelica is will power to pursue her desires and is not easily swayed by others' opinions or societal concern.

   Romantic Ambitions: 

   She has romantic ambitions and desires, which lead to her involvement in various romantic conflicts throughout the play.

  

    Intelligente character:

   Angelica is portrayed as witty and intelligent, often engaging in sharp and clever dialogues with other characters in the play.

           Lucetta:-

  Her character explore the themes  love, desire, and gender roles in the 17th century.

    Lucetta is a witty and clever character in the play.

    She is known for her sharp tongue and quick wit, which she uses to  outsmart the male characters.

   Lucetta is also depicted as a confident and independent woman, unafraid to challenge societal norms. 

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OXFORD MOVEMENT IN VICTORIAN ERA.

    Hello readers!

     I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

    This blog is a part of thinking activity.

     In this blog I want to share The  great Oxford movement in Victorian era.

Assigned by Megha ma'am 

    Here is a brief introduction about Oxford movement in Victorian era:

   1.WHAT IS OXFORD MOVEMENT?

    • 19th century movement initiated by the university of Oxford.

   • To renew the teaching and thought of "Roman catholic doctrines" and practice within the church of England.

  • A central event in the political, religious and social life of the early Victorian era.

  • The participants in the movement wanted to return to the ancient days.

    

    • The Oxford Movement was a religious and intellectual movement within the Church of England during the Victorian era in the early to mid-19th century.

   • It aimed to restore certain Catholic traditions and practices within the Anglican Church. 

  • Universal  church had been torn  by the  stresses of nationalism.

  •  church of England to be free from state authorities in metters of doctrine and discipline.

  • The movement philosophy also known as the "tractarianism".

       AIM OF OXFORD MOVEMENT:-

   

   • Again establish the dignity  of the church and to free it from the grip of secular  authority.

  •  Against the science and technology.

  • Fight against the liberalism. 

  •  Against the rationalism in Church.

 • This movement had a significant impact on the Anglican Church and led to changes in its worship and theology.

   CHIEF MEMBER OF THE MOVEMENT:-

  •  The Oxford movement initiated in the early 1830s by the  chief leaders of the Oxford University.

  •  it was launched in the early 1830s by Anglican clergyman of Oxford University.

          • John keble (1792-1866)

          • John Henry Newman (1801-1890)

         • Edward pusey (1800-1882)

         • Richard Hurrell froude.

    Tractarian Movement:

   The Oxford Movement is often referred to as the Tractarian Movement because its leaders, including John Henry Newman, John Keble, and Edward Pusey, wrote a series of pamphlets called the "Tracts for the Times."

    These tracts argued for a return to traditional Catholic practices and beliefs within the Anglican Church.

    Doctrinal Emphasis: 

   The Oxford Movement emphasized the importance of the sacraments, apostolic succession, and the authority of the Church Fathers. 

    It aimed to restore a more sacramental and ritualistic form of worship in Anglicanism.

  Opposition to Liberalism:

     The movement arose in response to what its leaders saw as the increasing influence of liberal theology and secularism within the Church of England. 

   They sought to combat what they viewed as a departure from traditional Christian doctrine.

  John Henry Newman's Conversion:

    Perhaps the most significant event associated with the Oxford Movement was John Henry Newman's conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1845.

    His "Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine" remains a key theological work.

     Controversy:

      The movement faced opposition from both within the Church of England and outside it.

     Many Anglicans were concerned about the perceived move toward Roman Catholicism, and this led to disputes and tensions.

     

     Impact:

    The Oxford Movement had a lasting impact on the Church of England.

    While it did not bring about immediate changes in doctrine, it played a significant role in the broader Catholic revival within Anglicanism.

    Some of its leaders, like John Henry Newman, eventually converted to Roman Catholicism, but others remained within the Church of England.

      Legacy: 

     The Oxford Movement contributed to a richer liturgical tradition within Anglicanism and influenced the development of the Anglo-Catholic and High Church traditions. 

    It also had a broader influence on Christian theology and ecumenical relations.

     

    In summary, the Oxford Movement was a Victorian-era religious movement that aimed to restore Catholic traditions within the Church of England.

    It had a profound and lasting impact on Anglicanism and Christian thought, even though it faced considerable controversy and internal divisions.

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   Reference or work cited:-

   YouTube videos

   

JUDE THE OBSCURE BY THOMAS HARDY.

     Hello readers!

    I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

     This blog is a part of thinking activity.

     In This blog, I want to share some thoughtfully questions and answers about the novel Jude the obscure.

Assigned by Dilip sir.

   Here is a brief introduction about the Author Thomas Hardy:-

                   INTRODUCTION:-

       Born:-

                 2 June 1840

               Stinsford, Dorset, England

      Died:-

             11 January 1928 (aged 87)

             Dorchester, Dorset, England

      Occupation:-

               Novelist, poet, short story writer

     Literary movement:-

                    Victorian literature

     Notable works:-

           Tess of the d'Urbervilles,

          Far from the Madding Crowd,

          The Mayor of Casterbridge,

          Jude the Obscure.

   

   Here is some questions about the novel Jude the obscure.

  

     QUESTION:-

1. What is the significance of epigraph  written by Thomas Hardy " Letter killeth"  for this novel Jude the obscure:

    ANSWER:-

In the novel Jude the obscure, releted thematically words of the entire novel's epigraph: "THE LETTER KILLETH".

   The sentence is the short version of st.paul's words in the book of "CORINTHIANS" in the new testament:  who also made us able minister of the new testament, not of the letter but of the spirit: for the Letter killeth, but the spirit given life.

     In this quotation st Paul is contrasting the "old convenant" of the old testament (Hebrew Bible)  with the " new convenant" created by the teaching of Jesus.

    However, Hardy means the letter of lawin religious metters may violet of the Christianity if people do not interpret the method a mercy and compassion.

      

    It means that focusing too much on the letter of the law or rigid rules can lead to spiritual or moral death, rather than a deeper understanding.

    The words echo thematically throughout the novel as they apply to marriage and religion.

    In a wider context Hardy saw orthodox religion as a soul killing philosophy, and the novel's characters reflecting those who  follow the letter inflicting heartlessness, cruelty, abuse and those who do not.

     In the context of the novel, it signifies the rigid social and moral constraints of the time, which Jude and the other characters must grapple with. 

   The epigraph foreshadows the struggles that the characters face due to societal norms and their aspirations for personal freedom and self-discovery.

     It underscores the central themes of the novel, such as the conflict between individual desires and societal expectations, which ultimately lead to tragic consequences for the characters.

   QUESTION:-

  2.It is possible to connect the meaning  of the epigraph  of  "esdras"at the beginning of the first chapter  of the novel and the myth of " Bhasmasur" ?

      ANSWER:-

     The novel "Jude the Obscure" by Thomas Hardy does not have an epigraph from the book of "Esdras" (Ezra in the Bible).

   The epigraph at the beginning of a novel often sets the tone or provides insight into the story that follows.

    Similarly, the myth of "Bhasmasur" is a Hindu legend about a demon who can turn anyone into ashes with a touch. 

   To establish a connection, you would need to analyze how the themes, motifs, or ideas presented in the epigraph relate to the themes or events in the novel and how they may draw parallels to the myth of "Bhasmasur." 

    The opening chapter typically sets the stage for the story, but any potential connection between the epigraph and the myth of "Bhasmasur" would be purely speculative, as there's no direct textual link between the two in the context of this novel.

    "Jude the Obscure" tells the story of Jude Fawley, a working-class man with aspirations of becoming a scholar, and his struggles in society, education, and love.

     The novel explores themes of social class, education, morality, and the constraints of society on individual aspirations. 

    It's a tragic and critical examination of the limitations imposed on individuals by the society in which they live.

            RESEARCH ARTICLE:

  1.Symbolic indictment of Christianity.

         - Norman Holland

        -  Uni.of California.

• Jude the obscure Thomas Hardy's transition from fiction to poetry. He stop writing novel.

• meaning of indictment is accusations.

• This novel is a symbolic and also realistic.

 • Thomas Hardy's imagery  in Jude falls into complex and cluster in a manner almost jacobean and as a result the image take on distinct symbolic over turns.

 •  The most obvious group of images is that associated with Arabella's intimately.

         Arabella: pig imagery

         Jude: pig style

        Phillotson: phillistin unknown jews

 

        Sue: pig near brussels 

 • she needs Jude by throwing up pig puzzle at him.

 • A central incidents in their choarshiping chassing pigs.

 • After she and Jude are married.she keeps pigs and it is the slottery of this pig that leads to the break up and marriage.  

 • Jude after his first defeat and also hands of society and lives down in a fix style.

 • Symbolising his letter defeat and return to Arabella.

 • In Sue's case, the pig is near brussels Symbolising her lacke of sexuality and Arabella as.

 • Arabella is associated with others receding ideas.

 • Marriage is one idea.

 • she is throughout the novel pre- occupied with getting living in husband.

 • In this way marriage is the link with the sensuality, sue is spices.

 • Marriage is dealing with sensuality.

 • Another one is  drink and drunkenness.

 • When Arabella and Jude are coatings they go to a devern.

 • she reveals after they are married that sue was ones a bar maid.

 • As the wife of devern keeper.

 • she uses leaked to get Jude to remarry her at the end.

  • Blood is third example.

 •  There is a pig's blood the slottery but love filter a need from pig' s blood.

 • In the novel as a whole, the principle complexity images that of Jews, Christian and pagan represent the imageries.

 •  In this context the pig images associated with Arabella the unclean animal of the jews.

 • The names of the character an important part of this religious imagery. Jude is the most imagery the jews writers in the new testament.

 • Who counsels  the  old testament and laws.

 • Jude is a German name of Jews.

 • Phillotson name represents the phillistin and that again has a biblical sense of unknown jews people.

 • The structure interrelated of the character are equally symbolic.

 • Hardy rigidly pairs of the four principles according to treats of aspiration and sexuality.

            Arabella

            Sue

           Jude and 

           Phillotson

 • Jude and Sue some kind of higher life, intellectual life, free life and also liberal life.

 • when sue and phillotson in some kind of  lower life, social acceptance, socially living in society.

 • Jude and Arabella are the sexual and sensual people.

 • sue and phillotson are non sexual.both not attracted to the body.

 • This, the either conventionally or Jude's sexuality must throughout the novel.

 • sue wants to live a higher life when phillotson wants to live a social life.

 • Jude is a sexual person and Sue is non sexual.

 • And the other hands, Arabella's vergality and Sue's freesidity  must throughout Jude' s character.

 • sue feeds the higher side of life in Jude's character.

• Arabella feeds the lower side of life in Jude's character.

• Jude's aspirants and the form of religion learning against his sensuality and in the form of weakness for women and drink.

 • Sue's aspirants in a term of art and anti- conversational against her lacke of sexuality and certain make of respectability.

 • It is shows that Jude and Sue are totally alike in metter of sensuality and religion also.

   STRUCTURE OF THE NOVEL: JUDE THE OBSCURE :-

   • In the beginning of the novel, 

    • Sue- secular and rationalist:-

 • Express for example in her sympathy with ancient rather than medieval culture.

 • Her scorned for conventional religious belief.

 • Her buying of pagan status, her reading of giban.

    • Jude- conversationally Christian:-

 • As his desire to be ordained.

 • His reading of standard authors and his love of medieval culture and architecture saws.

 • Love and compassion is the most symbol of Christianity that Jude represents that.

 • At the end of the novel sue has reverted to conventional belief as evidence by her concern for the sentity of marriage and her desire to performs penance for her sins.

 • on the other hands, Jude no longer proffesies old belief and he was more chaotic at the end of the novel.

 • This change in beliefs is closely parallel by their marital relationship.

 • At first they are seperated by the marriage to other people as they are part of belief.

 • As Jude's idea change they  are legally freed by divorce and they come to live together. They are to be married infact, but not in name.

 • In short They live together but not married.

 • when sue return to conventional belief they separate again and remarried with her first spouse.

 • They are completely opposite and a different mindset.

 • Jude's death as a failure in christ minister and Sue forcing her to go to phillotson back are tricking science of here defeat in life.

 • This defeat is a mirror as well in phillotson who at marygreen fallen to the bottom professionally who stiffly refused sue to swear loyalty to him on testaments.

 • And to a lesser Arabella, who though he loses jude and loses her vitality.

 •  Finally this changes and defeat Hardy has embed the theme of his novel.

 • Jude and Sue had been caught up in the modern spirit.

   • THE MODERN SPIRIT• 

  • They were struggling to break free inca old ways and have suffering and fail.

 • It is that justify Hardy's discription of the novel in the preface, where he says that, "it is Tragedy of unfulfilled Aims".

  

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  Refference or work cited:-

YouTube video:- structure of the novel click here

YouTube video: Article click here

  https://chat.openai.com/auth/loginclick here

A TALE OF A TUB BY JONATHAN SWIFT.

        Hello readers!

      I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

   This blog is a part of thinking activity.

    In this blog I want to share some thoughtfully questions and answers about the novel A Tale of a Tub.

Assigned by Vaidehi ma'am 

   Here is a brief introduction about the Author Jonathan Swift: 

                   INTRODUCTION:-

     Born:- November 30, 1667

                 Dublin, Ireland

    Died:- October 19, 1745

            Aged:- 77

            Dublin, Ireland 

     Pen name:-  Isaac Bickerstaff

    Occupation:-

   Writer, poet, political,  pamphleteer, priest

    Language:-

     Modern English

     Education:-

        B.A.

    • Jonathan Swift was an Anglo Irish Author who is widely regarded as the prose satirist in the English language.

•  He wrote essays, poetry, novels and also pamphlets as well as.

•  He was published some works anonymously like " Isaac Bickerstaff".

• He was noted for his ironic style in writing.

• He was an Author, journalist, novelist and political activist also.

• He was the best known for his satirical novel" Gulliver's Travels".

• And he also known for his satirical essay " A modest proposal".

• This essay is based on the Irish famine.

•When he was 72 years old, many disease began to keep him from his life.

 • Swift died in oct, 1745.

• where he has worked as a Dean, there he was buried in st.petriek's cathedral.

 • Jonathan Swift was a great friend of pope , he was best known for " The rape of the lock".

        THE TITTLE:- A TALE OF A TUB 

   The first thing in the novel that is about a tittle " A Tale of a tub" it's like puzzle.

   The introduction of the novel shows that it is the novel about seaman or sailors.

  When they meet a big fish like whale, they throw out an empty Tu to divert the fish from attacking their ship.

    • Ship represents the English government and its religion structure.

  • Whale is a symbol of new ideas.

  The big fish is towards thrown out it's, represents Thomas Hobbes " Leviathan".

   Swift's purpose is to distract Hobbes and other critics of church they picking their weak points.

   A tale of a tub was published anonymously in 1704, it was written as early as 1696, regarded as his best work.

     A tale of a tub is religious allegory, perhaps suggested of Bunyan.

   In the novel, A father is speaking to his three sons before his death.

            Peter,

           Jack and 

            Martin.

   They three sons got the three coats in the inheritance but the main condition is no alterations in the coats.

     The father:- God

     Coat:- shows Traditions

     Three sons:- Three Christian branches or                                western branches

     Peter:- Roman catholic

    Jack:- Anglican Church

    Martin:- Protestant.

   QUESTION:-

     1. How far do you think Digression is            necessary?

ANS:-

       Digression is useful in communication and it is provided double purpose about the specific points and related situations.

    Digression can divert the main topic confused readers and make communication too lengthy.

    In education area, some digression may be useful about understanding in story.

    Some people concerned about his exam, it's okay to take a break for mind diverte and do whatever like.

    Digression is a tool for creating heavy and complex story.

    In the novel, A Tale of a tubby Jonathan Swift digression is used for understanding the complex narrative method, plot and deep satirical meanings

    Digression is clarify the historical and cultural context.

    Digression making humour, satire and social commentary also in the novel.

   It is engaged readers in the story.

    In this novel, The balance of digression is the most important while novel is more complicated to understand.

   It is provide clarity about the topic and engaged readers with the story.

   It is helpful to convey the massage effectively in the novel. 

     QUESTION:-

  2.Identify any one movie/web series/song/poem/novel which talks about the sensitive topic like religion. Write in brief about it and explain what kind questions are raised through that work.

     ANS:-

     Here is a one poem that addressing the sensitive topic like religion is THE SECOND COMING BY WILLIAM BUTLER Yeats.

     In Hindu myth,

     जब जब धरती पर पाप बढ़ेगा,

    तब तब किसीना किसी रूप में आता रहूंगा।

    

   While  in Christianity myth in the Bibal,

    Jesus will born again in the earth for  to destroy sin and also lawlessness.

  In this poem, The second coming  years tells us about the  sin and lawlessness spread in Ireland.

  The violance has crossed it's limits and  it is insufferable for people.

   Here poet wants to says that the situation is out of control in Ireland.

  So the poet has a belief that the second embodiment or incarnation of God gave this earth from sin.

  Now we can imagine that the second incarnation of God gave liberation from sin.

  When sins are  on its top than god comes on the earth to gave mankind.

   He says that God would appear in the earth very soon.

   The poet has a strong belief that a special miracle is about to happen very soon.

  The poet imagine that the second incarnation of God would have a strong shape.

    It would have a head of human and a body of lion  who would appear in first at desert.

  His shine would be insufferable like the sun.

  The poet gives the name a huge body of  the combination of human and lion.

    He sees everywhere sin and lawlessness , he was very angry now.

    At the end it seems that the poet is influenced  by Hindu myth because  the incarnation of God  " Narasimha"  resembles with the imagination of the poem.

    The god Jesus Christ took birth on the earth to save mankind  like that the second incarnation  of God also would appear on the earth to save mankind.

   

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    Work cited:-

  YouTube video,

            Howard, James. "The Second Coming." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 8 May 2019. Web. 15 Oct 2023.

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE BY JANE AUSTEN.

        Hello readers! 

     I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

    In this blog I want to share some thoughtfully  questions and its answer about pride and prejudice.

Assigned by Megha ma'am 

   First of all, here is a brief introduction about the Author Jane Austen.

                  INTRODUCTION:-

   Born:- December 16, 1775

              Hampshire, England

  Died:- July 18, 1817

             Hampshire, England

    Period:- 1787 to 1817

 Jane Austen was an English novelist known for her best six novels:

    

        Sense and sensibility

        Pride and prejudice

        Emma

       Northanger Abbey

       Mansfield park

       Persuasion 

   Jane Austen's novels is full of wit, irony  and human nature.

  

    Now she is considered as one of the most important read author in English literature.

 She was the seventh child ( out of eight).

   

Jane Austen was a female writer  in the late 18th century and  early 19th century.

  She is celebrated for her best novel pride and prejudice  which offered social commentary  and roles of women in her time.

  Here are some questions about the novel pride and prejudice:

   

    1.compare the narrative strategy of the novel and movie:

     Ans: 

         

    The novel is written in the third person narrator.

    The narrator most  focusing on Elizabeth Bennet's character and her  perspective.

      In contrast, in  movies  uses a  visual and audible elements to show different characters' perspective.

      Character:-

   In the character point of view, 

  The novel has more space for  the inner thoughts and emotions of the characters. 

   In Movies, due to time constraints, on facial expressions, dialogue, and actions to convey character development.

     Dialogue: 

The novel contains Austen's witty and developed language. 

  In Movie adaptations often condense dialogue and may modernize it slightly for accessibility.

    Music:-

    In Movies use music to enhance emotional impact, which is absent in the novel.

    In summary,  while the whole  story and themes of "Pride and Prejudice" remain consistent, the narrative strategies   between the novel and its movie adaptations due to the respective strengths and limitations of these mediums.

   2.write an illustration of the society  of Jane Austen's time:

    Ans:-

     In Jane Austen's time, society was like a strict and orderly.

   At the top were the rich and important people, like lords and ladies,  who owned of land and  wealth. 

  Then came the clergy, who were often respected but not as rich.

   After that, you had professionals like lawyers and doctors, followed by tradespeople and laborers.

   

   Marriage was a big thing l, especially for women. 

  They needed to find a good husband to take care of them because they couldn't own property.

  In the contrast, Men needed to marry well to secure their family's future.

     Society was  focused on reputation. If you did something immortal behaviour, it could ruin your social standing. 

   Jane Austen's novels, like "Pride and Prejudice," give us a good look at this world of manners, marriages, and societal expectations.

  3.What if Mr Darcy  and Elizabeth never got together? What if Lydia's elopement  had a different outcome? Explore the consequences  of these change and write alternative endings of the novel:

     Ans:-

     If Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth never got together in "Pride and Prejudice," it would mean they didn't end as a couple. 

   The story's focus on their relationship and personal growth,  leading to different romantic outcomes for the characters.

    The novel's central theme is marriage of  pride and prejudice might  be as prominent, and the story's impact and message could change.

 

      If Lydia's elopement in "Pride and Prejudice" had a different outcome, it would lots of changes in  the story.

   In the novel, Lydia runs away with Mr. Wickham, creating an immortal behaviour.

      If something different happened, like her family managing to stop the gateway and her making a better choice, the family's reputation would be care for , and the story's events and character lively would be different. 

   This outcome would likely affect how the other characters lives and relationships unfold in the story.

   

    Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a classic novel with a well-known plot.

 However, here provided  an alternative endings that explore different consequences of the story. 

   Elizabeth Marries Mr. Collins: 

     In this alternative ending, Elizabeth accepts Mr. Collins' proposal to secure her family's financial future. 

   The Bennet family avoids financial ruin, but Elizabeth leads a less fulfilling life with a man she does not love.

     The novel takes a darker turn, the societal pressures on women in that era.

   Darcy's Financial Ruin: 

    Mr. Darcy's business fail in  leading to a reversal of his and Elizabeth's fortunes. 

   They must learn to live  to a lower social status. 

   This ending explores themes of resilience and adaptation.

     Thank you for visiting..☺️

    Be learner..🌷☘️

    Work cited:-

History of English literature, Edward Albert

(Fifth addition)

ISBN: 0-19-947931-3

        

HARD TIMES BY CHARLES DICKENS.

          Hello readers! 

      I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

      In this blog I want to share The major themes of HARD TIMES: FOR THESE TIMES.

        Tittle:- Hard times: for these times

  The novel is divided into three sections:-

       Sowing, Reaping and Garnering.

        Written:- 1854

        Setting:- Coketown, England

       Genre:- Novel, social criticism.

    Here  the brief introduction of Charles Dickens:-

                 <<<CHARLES DICKENS:->>>

     The most important thing in life it to stop saying "I wish"  and  start saying  "I will ".

       Born:-     February 7, 1812

                      England.

     Died:-       June 8, 1870

                     Stroke.

 • He was an English writer and social critique.

• Charles Dickens is the most popular novelist of the Victorian era.

• He has written most of his works as a series in magazines and he also worked on the post of manager in editor's office.

• He was very famous because of his narrative style, which always reflects the real facts of society.

     

• Dickens is among those all writers who have faced the harshness of society.

• The evil side of progress and modernism.

• Dickens considered as the finest writer in the scholars and critics of the 20th century.

• He had written many successful works such as:

         - David Copperfield

         - Oliver twist

         - A Christmas carol

         - Hard times.

   Here some major themes of Hard times are given below:-

    The major theme of "utilitarianism" :-

    The central theme of the novel Hard times.

    Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes the greatest overall happiness as the ultimate goal and self interest.

    In the novel, the character name Thomas gradgrind embodies these utilitarian principles, facts and reason over emotions and also imagination.

   Thomas gradgrind's rigid adherence to utilitarian principles leads to stifling of creativity and the neglect of emotional and moral development in his children, Tom and Louisa.

   This results in their personal unhappiness and moral conflict.

   

    Throughout the story, Dickens portrays the  effects of utilitarianism on the industrialized society of Coketown, where workers are treated as mere cogs in a machine, and human suffering is often overlooked in the pursuit of profit and efficiency.

     In "Hard Times," Dickens uses the theme of utilitarianism to shed light on the harsh realities of industrialization and to argue for a more balanced and compassionate approach to education, work, and social policy. 

     He suggests that a society solely driven by utilitarian values can lead to moral and emotional impoverishment.

    •Thomas Gradgrind's Philosophy: 

      The character Thomas Gradgrind, a prominent figure in the novel, embodies the utilitarian philosophy. 

    He runs a school in Coketown that emphasizes the importance of "Facts" and suppresses any emotional or imaginative aspects of education.

     This strict adherence to utilitarian principles leads to the emotional and moral stunting of his own children, Louisa and Tom.

  

     •Utilitarianism vs. Compassion: 

      Throughout the novel, Dickens contrasts utilitarian values with the need for compassion and empathy.

     Characters like Sissy Jupe and Stephen Blackpool embody more compassionate and humane values, standing in stark contrast to Gradgrind's rigid utilitarianism.

     •Critique of Social Policies:

      Dickens uses the novel to critique certain social policies of his time, such as the Poor Laws, which were influenced by utilitarian thinking.

    These policies often failed to address the real needs and suffering of the impoverished.

     The novel serves as a powerful commentary on the  utilitarianism and the need for a more holistic consideration of human well-being.

  The other themes of this novel Hard times are given bellow:- 

           •  surveillance and knowledge

           •  Fancy vs. Facts

           •  Fidelity 

          • Escape

       • surveillance and knowledge:-

     In the story, there are  characters who spent time keeping secrets and hiding their history and then there is another set of characters who devoted themselves to researching, analysing and listening in on the lives of others. 

         •  Fancy vs. Facts:-

      It is also illustrated in this novel the apposition between fancy and facts.

     Clearly,  the gradgrind school opposes fancy, imaginative literature and wondering.

    Instead, they encourage the pursuit of " Hard Facts" and statistics through scientific investigation and logical deduction.

    But the gradgrinds are so merciless and through in their education that they manage to kill the souls of their pupils.

    Sissy jupe and the members of sleary's circus company stand as a contrast , arguing that  " The people must be amused".

    Life cannot be exclusively devoted to labour.

              •  Fidelity:-

      This one touches upon the conflicts of personal interest, honesty and loyalty that occur throughout the novel.

      Certainly, characters like, Josiah bounderby and James harthouse seems to be regularly dishonest while Louisa and sissy jupe hold fast to their obligations and beliefs.

     In Louisa's case, her fidelity is exemplified in her refusal to violation her marital life despite her displeasure with her husband.

      Sissy exemplified fidelity in her devotion to the gradgrind family and perhaps even more remarkably, in her steadfast  belief that her father in going to return for her seeking " the nine oils" that she has preserved for him.

              •  Escape:-

      The theme of escape really underscores the difference between the lives of the wealthy and lives of the poor.

      In Stephan Blackpool, we find a decent man who seeks to escape from his failed marriage but he cannot even escape into his dreams for peace.

      On the other hand, we find Tom gradgrind who indulges gambling, school and smoking as " escape" from his humdrum existence.

    After he commits a crime, his father helps him to escape through Liverpool.

      Again, Louisa gradgrind desires a similar escape from the gradgrind system, though she resorts to imagined pictures in the fire rather than a life of petty crime.

      Finally, James harthouse rounds out the options available to the nobility.

     With all of his life dedicated to leisure even his work assignment is a sort of past time from which he easily escape when the situation has lost its luster.

       •Thank you for visiting..☺️

       •Happy learning...🌷☘️

      •Reference or work cited:-

https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2021/02/hard-times-charles-dickens.html?m=1click here

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PAMELA OR VIRTUE REWARDED BY SAMUEL RICHARDSON.

        Hello readers! 

     I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

      In this blog I want to share one question that everyone's mind has a question that If Pamela was in the contemporary time, will the story take any changes?

-Assigned by Vaidehi ma'am.

   1.) If Pamela was in the contemporary time, will the story take any changes?

     If the character Pamela, from the 18th-century novel "Pamela" by Samuel Richardson, were placed in a contemporary setting, several notable changes would likely seen.

      

    Here's how the story might evolve in a modern context:

                   Introduction:

      In the original novel, Pamela is a young girl servant who faces many  challenges related to her virtue and social status in a society. 

      Her story is told through a series of letters ( epistolary novel) and reflects the moral values of the 18th century. 

     However, if Pamela t placed in modern time, the following changes must be seen:

         

         •Communication 

        •Social Values

        •occupation

        •Fashion

      

        •Legal and cultural context

        •Language and Dialogue

    1.communication:-

   Pamela would likely use modern technology like smartphone and social media to communicate with mr. B.

  This change is take place in contemporary time.

   In contemporary time, Pamela and mr.b must exchange text message, emails and other social media like Instagram, Facebook instead of handwritten letters.

   

   2.Social and Values: 

       In contemporary time, society has different social values or norms to compare to the 18th century.

   The gender roles in society must be seen differently.

     3.occupation:-

    In contemporary time,   Pamela's occupation must be  change.

     In the original story, pamela is maid servant  but in contemporary times, she could have a different job, like respectful jobs such as teacher, employe  etc.

   These  changes  are seen in modern time.

        4.Fashion:

 If pamela in modern time that her  style would be modern, like jeans and top and also other things  which would contrast with the historical fashion of the original story.

     5.Legal and Cultural Context: 

 legal and cultural context would also be different. Like marriage laws, gender roles, social class,  cultural values and also technology, legal protections are there in contemporary time.

      6.Language and Dialogue:

       

 The way characters speak and the language they use  like modern slangs like, " hi", " hello",  "what's up friends".

Overall,  updating Pamela to contemporary times would involve adjusting various aspects of the story to fitting in  the present-time.

     

      In summary, if Pamela were placed in a contemporary time, her character and the storyline  is totally change.

      Thank you for visiting.. ☺️ 

       Happy learning..🌷☘️

      

MOVIE REVIEW ON BOTH NOVEL FRANKENSTEIN AND PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.

           Hello readers! 

      I'm Jagruti Vala and I'm a student of English department, MKBU.

      In this blog I want to share movie review on the 18th century novels Frankenstein and Pride and prejudice.

Assigned by Megha ma'am.

          FRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLEY

     First of all, discuss about the Frankenstein by Mary shelley, a horror science fiction  movie directed by  KENNETH BRANAGH.

                INTRODUCTION:-

      Frankenstein, directed by Kenneth Branagh, is a visually stunning adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic novel. 

     Branagh's direction and performance as Victor Frankenstein are noteworthy, and the film effectively captures the dark and gothic atmosphere of the original story. 

     However, some critics have noted that the pacing can be uneven, and the film takes liberties with the source material.

      Overall, it's a compelling take on the timeless tale of scientific ambition and its consequences.

   List of the character playing role in reference of the original novel , which would be easier to identify the characters.

1. Robert De Niro as the creature. 

2. Helena Bonham as the Elizabeth Lavenza Frankenstein. 

3. Kenneth Branagh as Victor Frankenstein. 

4. Tom Hulce as Henry Clerval .

5. Helena Bonham Carter as Elizabeth Lavenza.

6. Ian Holm as Baron Alphonse Frankenstein.

7. John Cleese as Professor Waldman.

8. Aidan Quinn as Captain Robert Walton..

9.Richard Briers as blind Grandfather.

10.Robert Hardy as Professor Krempe.

11. Cherie Lunghi as Caroline Frankenstein.

Kenneth Branagh directed a film adaptation of "Frankenstein" in 1994 titled "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein."

    Here are some key characteristics of his version:

  1.Faithful to the Novel:

    Branagh's adaptation is known for its faithfulness to Mary Shelley's original novel, closely following the plot and characters.

    2.Gothic Atmosphere: 

     One of the most major  characteristic is gothic Atmosphere.

 

     The film captures the gothic atmosphere of the novel with its dark and moody cinematography, creating a haunting and eerie ambiance.

    3.Strong Performances:

    The film features strong performances from Kenneth Branagh as Victor Frankenstein and Robert De Niro as the Creature. 

    Their performances delve into the psychological complexities of their characters.

     4.Period Setting: 

   "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein" is set in the 18th century, staying true to the time period depicted in the novel.

    5.Emphasis on Morality:

   The film explores themes of morality, scientific ethics, and the consequences of playing with the boundaries of life and death.

   6.Ambitious Production: 

   Branagh's adaptation is known for its ambitious production design, including elaborate sets and period-accurate costumes.

    7.Romantic Elements:

      The film incorporates romantic elements, focusing on the love story between Victor Frankenstein and Elizabeth, adding depth to the characters' motivations.

   8.Psychological Depth: 

    It delves into the psychological aspects of Victor and the Creature's characters, emphasizing their emotional and mental struggles.

       Overall, Kenneth Branagh's "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein" is recognized for its dedication to the source material, strong performances, and its exploration of the philosophical and moral dilemmas presented in Mary Shelley's novel.

   secondly we'll discuss about the " Pride and Prejudice", a 2005 romantic drama film directed by Joe Wright. 

   "A Timeless Romance: A Review of Joe Wright's 2005 'Pride and Prejudice'".

                  INTRODUCTION:-

      Pride and Prejudice" directed by Joe Wright is a visually stunning and faithful adaptation of Jane Austen's classic novel. 

     The film successfully captures the essence of the Regency era, with its elegant costumes and picturesque English countryside. 

     Keira Knightley shines in her role as Elizabeth Bennet, bringing a modern and spirited energy to the character.

     The chemistry between Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen, who plays Mr. Darcy, is palpable and adds depth to the story.

    Wright's direction, particularly his use of long tracking shots and natural lighting, creates an immersive and cinematic experience. 

   The supporting cast, including Donald Sutherland, Judi Dench, and Rosamund Pike, deliver strong performances, contributing to the film's overall charm.

     While some purists may quibble with certain deviations from the source material, Wright's adaptation remains true to the heart of Austen's story. 

    It explores themes of love, class, and societal expectations in a compelling and accessible manner. 

    Overall, "Pride and Prejudice" directed by Joe Wright is a delightful period drama that continues to captivate audiences with its romance and wit.

   Let's first list out the name of the characters from the original novel .

1. Keira Knightley as Elizabeth "Lizzy" Bennet

2. Matthew Macfadyen as Mr. Darcy

3. Rosamund Pike as Jane Bennet

4. Simon Woods as Charles Bingley

5. Brenda Blethyn as Mrs. Bennet

6. Donald Sutherland as Mr. Bennet

7. Tom Hollander as Mr. Collins

8. Jena Malone as Lydia Bennet

9. Carey Mulligan as Catherine "Kitty" Bennet

10. Talulah Riley as Mary Bennet

11. Judi Dench as Lady Catherine de Bourgh

12. Rupert Friend as George Wickham 

13. Kelly Reilly as Caroline Bingley

14. Claudie Blakley as Charlotte Lucas

15. Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana Darcy

16. Cornelius Booth as Colonel Fitzwilliam.

   Joe Wright's 2005 adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice" is a cinematic gem that continues to enchant audiences with its timeless charm.

    Impeccable casting, breathtaking visuals, a faithful adaptation, and a memorable musical score all come together to create a film that does justice to Jane Austen's literary classic.

    Thank you for visiting 🌷☘️

    Happy learning..😊

    Reference or work cited :-

https://chat.openai.com/auth/loginclick here